UDC: 101.1::316
https://doi.org/10.25198/2077-7175-2023-6-117
EDN: IDQKDZ


viewing

PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERSTANDING OF FEAR AS THE BASIS OF HUMAN EXISTENCE

D. A. Astafyev
Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Orenburg; Orenburg Branch of the Academy of Labor and Social Relations, Orenburg, Russia
e-mail: astafev25@yandex.ru

A. M. Maksimov
Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg, Russia
e-mail: maksimov_a_m@mail.ru

Abstract. The study is relevant due to the fact that the life of a modern person is permeated with fears, both real and virtual. A person cannot imagine his life without fear; even his own existence causes fear. Despite the fact that fear has always accompanied a man, at present, due to the increase in self-awareness and many other factors, in our opinion, fear is becoming the true basis of human existence in the world.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the problem of fear as the basis of human existence in various historical periods and, in particular, at the present stage of human development. The achievement of the stated goal was facilitated by the solution of the following tasks. 1. To analyze the evolution of philosophical ideas about fear in various historical periods. 2. Based on the analysis, to draw conclusions and show that the rethink of fear is carried out in the New Age, since this period is a turning point in changing the role of fear. It is at this time that its individualization occurs, and it acquires a pronounced social character. 3. Particular attention should be paid to the analysis of existential philosophy, in which fear is considered as one of the key foundations of human existence and the main companion of a man in the modern era. Human existence and fear become one whole, connected by an inextricable thread. The methodology of this study is based on a dialectical approach. This approach was implemented through the use of a set of research methods of induction, deduction, analysis, comparison and synthesis, which are of a general scientific character.

Analyzing the problem of fear in modern reality, we came to the conclusion that the XXI century is an era when fear begins to accompany an individual in his daily existence, becomes a mass phenomenon and is formed in the public consciousness through various information channels: the media, the Internet, expert opinion, etc. The modern world has also generated completely new types of fears, which are a direct consequence of technologization, informatization, and digitalization of society. The appearance of the “pandemic of fear” amid the COVID-19 pandemic reinforced our idea that in the XXI century fear has become the true basis of human existence.

Key words: fear, understanding of fear, human existence, XXI century fear, massification of fear, «pandemic of fear».

Cite as: Astafyev, D. A., Maksimov, A. M. (2023) [Philosophical understanding of fear as the basis of human existence]. Intellekt. Innovacii. Investicii [Intellect. Innovations. Investments]. Vol. 6, pp. 117–125. – https://doi. org/10.25198/2077-7175-2023-6-117.


References

  1. Andrusenko, V. A. (1995) Social’nyj strah [Social fear]. Orenburg: OGU, 1995, 172 p.
  2. Barinov, D. N. (2019) [Fear is a social phenomenon]. Gumanitarnyj nauchnyj vestnik [Humanitarian Scientific Bulletin]. Vol. 2, pp. 39–48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3236740 (In Russ.).
  3. Barinov, D. N. (2018) [Fear as a phenomenon of human existence]. Filosofskaya mysl’ [Philosophical thought]. Vol. 5, pp. 77–82. (In Russ.).
  4. Deyaniya Dionisa (1997) [Acts of Dionysus]. 595 p. (In Russ., transl. from Ancient Greece).
  5. Diogen Laertskij (1986) O zhizni, ucheniyah i izrecheniyah znamenityh filosofov [About the life, teachings and sayings of famous philosophers]. 2-e ed. M: Thought, 571 p. (In Russ.).
  6. Zyryanov, A. E. (2018) [Fear as a subject of social philosophy]. Filosofskie nauki [Philosophical Sciences]. Vol. 6, pp. 155–159. https://doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2018-6-155-159 (In Russ.).
  7. Naiman, E. A., Surovtsev, V. A. (1998) Intencional’nost’ i tekstual’nost’. Filosofskaya mysl’ Francii XX veka (1998) [Intentionality and textuality. Philosophical thought of France of the twentieth century]. Tomsk: Publ.house «Aquarius», 320 p. (In Russ.).
  8. Kerkegor, S. (2014) Ponyatie straha [Concept of fear]. 2nd ed. M: Academic Prospect, 224 p.
  9. Lassan, E., Kravcova, L. (2020) [Fear as a motive and motivator of electronic communication (based on Internet texts 2020)]. Kommunikativnye issledovaniya [Communication Studies]. Vol. 7. No 4, pp. 745–758. https://doi.org/10.24147/2413-6182.2020.7(4).745-758 (In Russ.).
  10. Mamardashvili, M. K. (1997) Psihologicheskaya topologiya puti [Psychological topology of the path]. M: Russian Christian Humanitarian Institute, 574 p.
  11. Mamontov, S. Yu. (2002) Strah. Praktika preodoleniya [Fear. Coping Practice]. SPb: Piter, 128 p.
  12. Ol’e, D. (2004) Kollezh Sociologii [College of Sociology]. SPb: Science, 588 p.
  13. Platon (1994) Sobraniye sochineniy v 4 t [Collected works in 4 volumes]. Vol. 3 total edited by A. F. Losev, V. F. Asmus, A. A. Takho-Godi; author of the introductory article and art. in note A. F. Losev; Note A. A. Tahoe-Godi. M: Thought, 654 p. (In Russ., transl. from Ancient Greek).
  14. Platon (1994) Sobraniye sochineniy v 4 t [Collected works in 4 volumes]. Vol. 4. General ed. A. F. Loseva, V. F. Asmusa, A. A. Takho-Godi; Auto. Art. in note A. F. Losev; Note A. A. Tahoe-Godi. M: Thought, 830 p. (In Russ., transl. from Ancient Greek).
  15. Pyatigorsky, A. M. (2009) [Fear from 2009]. Neprikosnovennyy zapas [Emergency reserve]. Vol. 5(67), pp. 3–16. (In Russ.).
  16. Sartre, J.-P. (2000) Bytiye i nichto: Opyt fenomenologicheskoy ontologii [Being and nothingness: Experience of phenomenological ontology]. M: Republic, 639 p.
  17. Svendsen, L. (2010) Filosofiya strakha [Philosophy of fear]. M: Progress-Tradition, 288 p. (In Russ., transl. Norweg.).
  18. Spinoza, B. (1957) Izbrannyye proizvedeniya v dvukh tomakh [Selected works in two volumes]. Volume 1. M: Gospolitizdat, 632 p.
  19. Clement of Alexandria (2003) Stromaty [Stromata]. In volume 3. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg: “Pub. Oleg Abyshko”, 336 p. (In Russ., transl. from Ancient Greek).
  20. Ekimova, V. I., (2021) [Traumatization by fear: psychological consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic]. Sovremennaya zarubezhnaya psikhologiya [Modern foreign psychology]. Vol. 10. No. 1, pp. 27–38. https://doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2021100103 (In Russ.).
  21. Faizova, G. I. (2008) [Fear as the most important characteristic of human existence]. Vestnik Bashkirskogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Bashkir University]. Vol. 13. No. 3, pp. 628–630. (In Russ.).
  22. Kireeva, L. E. (2018) Filosofiya strakha cheloveka v sovremennoy kul’ture [Philosophy of human fear in modern culture]. Novocherkassk: Lik LLC, 178 p.
  23. Freud, Z. (1990) Psikhologiya bessoznatel’nogo: Sb. proizvedeniy [Psychology of the unconscious: Sat. work]. M: Education, 448 p.
  24. Belyaev, I. A. (2004) Chelovek samoopredelyayushchiysya [Self-Determining Man]. Ekaterinburg: Ural Academy of Public Administration, 108 p.
  25. Agamben, G. Giorgio Agamben on coronavirus: “The enemy is not outside, it is within us.” Available at: http://bookhaven.stanford.edu/2020/03/giorgio-agamben-on-coronavirus-the-enemy-is-not-outside-it-is-within-us/ (accessed: 17.06.2023) (In Eng.).